Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson’s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, present a growing global health challenge. Current pharmacological treatments provide symptomatic relief but do not address disease progression, highlighting the need for alternative therapeutic approaches. Biotechnology-driven nutraceuticals, leveraging
bioactive compounds like polyphenols, omega-3 fatty acids, and probiotics, have shown promise in neuroprotection. This review explores the role of
biotechnology in producing novel
nutraceuticals aimed at the prevention and management of NDs, focusing on emerging biotechnological strategies and their clinical implications. The review synthesizes findings from studies conducted between 2020 and 2024, including in vitro, in vivo, and clinical trial data, to assess the efficacy of
bioactive compounds enhanced through microbial biosynthesis, nanotechnology, and enzymatic modification. Key mechanisms of action, such as modulation of oxidative stress, inflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction, are explored to provide insights into how biotechnologically produced
nutraceuticals can protect against neurodegeneration. For instance, resveratrol, produced through engineered microorganisms, has demonstrated significant neuroprotective effects by activating SIRT1 pathways, while omega-3 fatty acids, synthesized by microbial strains, show promise in cognitive preservation. Despite the potential, challenges persist in translating these biotechnological innovations into clinical practice. Regulatory hurdles, bioavailability concerns, and the scalability of production remain significant barriers. Additionally, variability in patient responses due to genetic factors further complicates the widespread use of these nutraceuticals. Advances in personalized nutrition and precision medicine, however, offer solutions to address these challenges. Biotechnologically enhanced
nutraceuticals represent a promising strategy for mitigating the burden of NDs. However, further research and optimization of production methods, along with overcoming regulatory and clinical translation barriers, are necessary to fully realize their therapeutic potential.
