Challenges and Innovations in Biotechnology for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis: From Biomarkers to Nanomedicines

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system, leading to inflammation, nerve degeneration, and demyelination. It is considered one of the leading causes of neurological disability in adults, and extensive research has been conducted worldwide to understand, diagnose, and treat this condition. Despite the complex etiology of MS, advancements in biotechnology, particularly in the discovery of biomarkers and the development of nanomedicines, have brought new hope for improving diagnosis and treatment. This review article provides a comprehensive analysis of the applications and challenges of biomarkers and nanomedicines in the diagnosis and management of MS by collecting and analyzing credible scientific sources from renowned databases. Articles were selected based on their relevance and scientific credibility. The results highlight that biomarkers such as NFL (neurofilament light) and GAFP (glial fibrillary acidic protein) play a significant role in the detection and diagnosis of MS. Additionally, metabolic biomarkers such as tryptophan and kynurenine are identified as potential immune markers for assessing the risk of MS. Nanoparticles, including liposomes, dendrimers, and polymeric nanoparticles, have shown promising results in targeted drug delivery and controlled drug release, especially in the prevention and treatment of MS. These nanoparticles are effective in crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB), demonstrating their therapeutic potential. However, there are several challenges in the application of biomarkers and nanomedicines in MS diagnosis and treatment. One major challenge is the high complexity and heterogeneous nature of MS, which complicates the identification of reliable biomarkers, particularly in the early stages of the disease. Another challenge for nanomedicines is the difficulty in ensuring precise targeting of the desired regions and confirming that they cross the blood-brain barrier without causing immune responses or toxicity. Furthermore, the biocompatibility of nanomedicines and obtaining regulatory approvals from bodies like the FDA and EMA remain significant hurdles. Despite these challenges, ongoing research in biotechnology and medicine holds promising prospects for advancing MS diagnosis and treatment. This article aims to explore the latest scientific achievements in biotechnology, with a specific focus on biomarkers and nanomedicines, and to examine the challenges and potential applications of these approaches for the diagnosis and treatment of MS.

Challenges and Innovations in Biotechnology for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis: From Biomarkers to Nanomedicines Keywords:

Multiple Sclerosis , biomarkers diagnosis , nanomedicines treatment , biotechnology , targeted drug delivery