Application of the Health Belief Model (HBM) in Explaining and Improving the Nutritional Behaviors of Adolescents in Iran: A Narrative Review

Adolescence is a crucial period for forming enduring nutritional habits, yet many youths adopt suboptimal diets, increasing their risk for future health problems. This narrative review aimed to synthesize and analyze findings from Iranian studies on the application of the Health Belief Model (HBM) to explain and improve adolescents’ nutritional behaviors. The reviewed studies consistently show that HBM constructs significantly predict nutritional behaviors. While perceived susceptibility and severity can initiate motivation, perceived barriers (e.g., taste preference, cost, peer pressure) emerged as the strongest predictor of actual behavior. Conversely, perceived benefits and self-efficacy were key drivers for adopting healthier diets. HBM-based interventions successfully improved dietary outcomes by targeting these core constructs. In conclusion, the Health Belief Model provides a robust framework for designing effective nutritional programs for Iranian adolescents. For such interventions to succeed, a primary focus on reducing barriers and enhancing self-efficacy is essential, supported by policies that make healthy choices more accessible in schools and communities.

Keywords:

Adolescents , Health Belief Model , Health Education , Iran , Health Promotion , Nutritional Behavior