The effects of exercise on different types of neurotrophins and brain function

Neurotrophins are kind of polypeptides growth factors which have an effect on differentiation, proliferation, and maintenance in neuronal and non-neuronal cells. Neurotrophins and growth factors are including different members. Nerve growth factor (NGF), Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin-3(NT-3), (NT-4), Glial cell derived neurotrophin factor (GDNF), and Vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF). Neurotrophins are connected with different kind of tropomyosin related kinase (TrK) receptors. NGF is connected to TrKA, BDNF and NT-4 to TrkB, and NT-3 to TrKC. Thus, all of neurotrophins are have inclination to P75NTR receptor. Exercise can mediate the expression of neurotrophins with sundry ways. Evidences reveal that exercise can increase the level of almost all of neurotrophinsin blood and brain. For example, physical activity can improve BDNF expression through multiple paths, for instance, increase in the measure of IGF-1, PI3K/AKT, Serotonin, CREB, ERRs, and PGC1α. Also, exercise can improve the level of other neurotrophins with enhance of PI3K. Neurotrophins have various functions in central nervous system. NGF, BDNF and NT-3 are essential for protecting the neurons life in dorsal root ganglion. Also, BDNF can increase cognitive function, long term potentiation (LTP) and long term memory (LTM), that are associated with hippocampus. In this manner, BDNF and NGF have an influence on learning and memory. Inasmuch as, decrease of neurotrophins like BDNF, NGF and NT-3, are accompanied by behavioral disease like depression, Alzheimer disease and psychic disorder, augmenter function of exercise on neurotrophins can has remedial effects on decrease the symptoms of that disease. It can be concluded that, neurotrophins are placed among the important biological proteins which have a significant role in normal brain function. Physical activity can increase the level of neurotrophins. Also, exercise therapy can be used as a factor in improving the behavioral disorder and mental illness related to the lack of neurotrophins.

Keywords:

Neurotrophin , Exercise , Proliferation , Differentiation , Cognition function , Tyrosin kinase