Tissue level of p16 protein in patients with prostate cancer and its correlation with tumor prognosis

Prostate cancer is the second most common type of cancer in the world and the fifth leading cause of cancer-related death in men. It may initially cause no symptoms but in later stages it can lead todifficulty urination, blood in the urine, or pain in the pelvis, back or during urinating .The only test that can fully confirm the diagnosis of prostate cancer is biopsy; however less invasive diagnostic tests suchas Digital rectal examination (DRE), Cystoscopy and Transrectal Ultrasonography are useful but no one can detect prostate cancer in early stages. Although PSA(Prostate specific antigen) test has a highsensitivity in detecting prostate cancer, but has a low specificity and can’t predict prognosis of tumor thus absence of a prognostic test is felt. p16 is a tumor suppressor protein, that is encoded by theCDKN2 agenein humans, located on chromosome 9 (9p21.3) .p16 plays an important role in cell cycle regulation by decelerating cells progression via inhibition of cyclin dependent kinases such as CDK4and CDK6 that leads to inhibition of retinoblastoma protein (pRB) that is implicated in the prevention of cancers. There are some evidences on p16 alteration during tumor progression in prostate cancer .wetry to find probability role of P16 in prognosis of prostate tumors. Researches indicate that P16 seems to be a prognostic biomarker for prostate cancer that can be detected easily by immunostainingprostate specimens. More researches in future can reveal more punctual role of p16 in progression and prognosis of prostate cancer

Keywords:

Prostate Cancer , Cancer Symptoms , Cancer Prevention , Gene and Cancer , Solid Tumors