بررسی امکان ایجاد تنوع ژنتیکی با استفاده از روشهای درون شیشه ای در گل محمدی ‭Rosa damascena Mill.‬

Rosa damascena Mill. as a most important aromatic plant is the best commercial species of the fragrant roses in Iran and many countries. Previous studies have indicated that all production material in Bulgaria and Turkey consists of only one genotype. As Damask roses were originally introduced from the Middle East into Western Europe, it is thought that the origin and center of diversity of Damask roses could be found in this region. In this study, 40 Damask rose accessions were collected from 28 provinces of Iran, in order to obtain a good geographical coverage of the country and a good germplasm collection from the different climatic regions. To determine phenotypic diversity, accessions were evaluated in a complete randomized block design with 3 replications at the experimental field of Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands (RIFR), Tehran, Iran. Several traits including flower weight, flower diameter, peduncle length, number of petals, number of stamens, leaf area, leaf dry weight and thorns density were recorded and analyzed for two years (2005-2006). Correlation coefficients showed that flower yield correlated positively with number of petals and negatively with peduncle length, leaf area, leaf dry weight and thorn density. Because of high heritability obtained for flower weight, number of petals, number of stamens and thorn density, a selection based on these characters is recommended. Cluster and principal components analyses showed no relationship between genetic divergence and geographical origins, indicating germplasm exchange between different areas of Iran. Also, in a molecular exploration, nine polymorphic microsatellite markers were used to analyze the genetic diversity of 40 R. damascena accessions collected across major and minor rose oil production areas in Iran. All microsatellite markers showed a high level of polymorphism (5 15 alleles per microsatellite marker, with an average of 9.11 alleles per locus). Cluster analysis of genetic similarities revealed that these microsatellites identified a total of nine different genotypes. The genotype from Isfahan province, which is the major production area, was by far the most common genotype (27/40 accessions). It was identical to the Bulgarian genotype. Other genotypes (each represented by 1 4 accessions) were collected from minor production areas in several provinces, notably in the mountainous Northwest of Iran. This is the first study that uncovered genetic diversity within Damask rose. The genotypes identified here may be directly useful for breeding. On the other hand, to study callus induction and proliferation in Rosa damascena Mill., axillary buds of 18 accessions collected from different parts of Iran was used as explants. These were cultured on MS medium supplemented with growth regulator(s) and solifiled with 0.7% (w/v) agar, at 25 1 C. Different concentrations of 2,4-D (2, 3 ,4 ,5 ,6 mg/l), IBA (0.1 mg/l), NAA (5 ,10 mg/l), PCPA (3, 5 ,7 ,9 or 10 mg/l) Kinetin (0.1, 1 mg/l) and BAP(1or 2mg/l) were used. The data were analyzed using factorial experiments PAGE based on completely randomized design. Genotypes showed significant differences (P<0.01) for callus induction, Also, highest callus induction was observed in genotypes of Kashan cultured on MS culture medium contained 1 mg/l Kinetin and 5 mg/l PCPA. In addition, callogenesis and organogenesis of Rosa damascena Mill. from Hamedan and Yazd were evaluated. The research was conducted using a factorial experiment on the basis of completely randomized design with unequal number of repetition. The best sterilization treatment was 0.1% mercuric chloride solution for the accession of Hamedan. Three treatments including KP, NB and MIX growth regulators and two treatments including AD and NG hormones were analyzed for callogenesis and organogenesis, respectively. There was a genotypic difference for callogenesis with higher callus induction and callus growth in Damask rose from Yazd. Also, growth regulator showed significant effect on callus induction. Among the growth regulators, KP combination (1mg/l Kin and 5 mg/l PCPA) showed the most significant effect on callogenesis in Yazd accession. The results emphasized on genotype, kind and concentration of growth regulators as key factors in callogenensis and proliferation of Rosa damascena. In general, the results will guide new collection activities to establish larger collections to manage the Iranian Damask rose genetic resources for better exploitation of Iranian rose germpasm and better rose breeding programs in future. Keywords: Damask rose (Rosa damascena Mill.), Genetic diversity, Morphological markers, Molecular markers, Callus induction, Organogenesis.

Keywords:

رزا , تنوع ژنتیکی , نشانگرهای ژنتیکی , کشت بافت