A Comparative Study of Children’s Depression in Single- Parent and Two- Parent Families in Isfahan City in ۲۰۱۳

Background and Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare depression in children of single parent and two-parent families and examine the convergence of Family Drawing test and Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI) in diagnosing depression disorders. Materials and Methods: This study was of causal-descriptive type. Sample included ۲۱۷ third grade students who were selected randomly. The research instrument was Children’s Depression Inventory (kovacs, ۱۹۹۲) and Draw-A-Family-test (Hall, ۱۹۵۱). Students completed Children’s Depression Inventory and then they were assessed using family drawing test. Results: Data were analyzed based on gender and family type (single parent and two-parent family) using descriptive methods, Pearson correlation and T test. Results from Pearson correlation indicated a significant correlation (R=۰/۳۲۸, p<۰/۰۰۱) between two tests. The mean of depression of children with single parent in Children’s Depression Inventory and Family Drawing Test was significantly higher than the mean of depression of children with normal families. There was no difference in the mean of depression between girls and boys in Children’s Depression Inventory, but a significant difference was observed between two genders in terms of Family Drawing test. Conclusion: Separation from one of the parents is associated with high risk of depression in children. Both of the aforementioned tests have high analytic value in diagnosis of children’s depression. References ۱- Mc clintock SM. (۲۰۰۵). Relationship of internalizing behavior problems to intelligence and executive functioning in children. Master of science. The University of Texas southwestern madicall center at Dallas ۲۰۰۵. ۲- Halgin RP, Whitbourne SK. Abnormal psychology: Clinical perspectives on psychological disorders. Translated by: Yahya seyed Mohammadi. Ravan Publications. ۲۰۰۷. ۳- Luby J. Affective disorders. In: Delcarmen-Wiggens R, Carter A. Handbook of infant and toddler mental health assessment. New York: Oxford University Press ۲۰۰۴. ۴- Carr A. Depression in young people Description, assessment and evidence based treatment. J Developmental Neurorehabilitation. ۲۰۰۸ ۱۱: ۳-۱۵. ۵- Gooder I. Life events Thir nature and effect. In: Goodyer I, editor. The depressed child and adolescent. Cambrige university pres ۲۰۰۱, ۲۰۴-۲۳۲. ۶- Blatt S. Experiences of depression: Theoretical, clinical and research perspectives. Washington, DC: APA ۲۰۰۴. ۷- Zavieh R. Study of depression in nursing and midwifery student of Zanjan university of medical sciences. J Zanjan Unive Med Sci. ۲۰۰۰ ۹: ۴۴-۵۴. ۸- Kazemi M, Bahrami B. The role of spiritual belief and improment of mental health and prvention of mental disorders. J Zanjan Unive Med Sci. ۲۰۱۴ ۲۲: ۶۲-۷۴. ۹- Dunn J, Oconnor TG, Levy L. Out of the picture: A study of family drawing by children from step-single-parent, and non –step families. J Clin child and Adolescent psychol. ۲۰۰۲ ۳۱: ۵۰۵-۱۵. ۱۰- Prokic T, Droukers J. Paper presented at seventh meeting of the European for sociological and demographic study of divorce ۲۰۰۹. ۱۱- Moilanen I, Rantakallia P. The single parent family and the childs mental health. J Social Science & Medicine. ۱۹۸۸ ۲۷ (۲). ۱۲- Nelson R, Israel A. Behavioral disorders of children. Translated by M.T. Monshi Toosi. Astan Ghodse Razavi Publications ۱۹۹۲. ۱۳- Soltanifar A, Bina M. (۲۰۰۷). Depressive symptomatology in school children of Tehran- Iran (۹-۱۱ years old) and its relation to function of their families. J Fundamental of Mental Health. ۲۰۰۷ ۳۴: ۷-۱۴. ۱۴- Shahnazi M, Sadrimehr F, Esmaeeli F. (۲۰۰۸). Epidemiology of depression between female students of state schools in Tabriz. J Nursing and Midwifery. ۲۰۰۸ ۹: ۳۸-۴۵. ۱۵- Khodayarifard M. Abnormal psychology of children and adolescents. Tehran University Publications ۲۰۰۶. ۱۶- Ingram RE. The international enclopedia of depression. Springer publishing company, LLG ۲۰۰۹. ۱۷- Tomas G. Selik A. Introduction to children s drawing psychology. Translated by M.T. Faramarzi. Publication of Donyaye No ۲۰۰۳. ۱۸- Drissnack M. Children’s drawing as facilitators of communication: A meta –analysis. J pediatric nursing. ۲۰۰۵ ۲۰: ۴۱۵-۲۳. ۱۹- Dadsetan. P. Assesment of children s personality upon the drawing tests. Roshd Publications ۱۹۹۷. ۲۰- Bridyes R, Dunn J, Oconnor TG. Yong children’s representations of their families: A longitudinal fallow up study of family drawing by children living in different family setting. J Behavioral Development. ۲۰۰۶ ۳۰: ۵۲۹-۳۶. ۲۱- Mohammadi K, Borjali A, Eskandari H, Delavar A. (۲۰۱۰). Clinical effectiveness of childrens depression inventory for diagnosing depression disorder of children and adolescents. J Clinical Psychology. ۲۰۱۰ ۵: ۱-۸. ۲۲- Dehshiri GH, Najafi M, Shikhi M, Habibi Askarabad M. (۲۰۰۹). Investigating primary psychometric properties of children s depression inventory (CDI). J Famili Research. ۲۰۰۹ ۱۸: ۱۵۹-۱۷۳. ۲۳- Korman L. Children drawings: application of family drawing test in clinic. Translated by P. Dadsetan & M. Mansoor. Roshd publications ۲۰۰۶. ۲۴- Dadsetan P, Tehranizadeh M, Tabatabaee K, Azadfallah P, FathiAshtiani, A. Effectiveness of the coping cat therapy program in decreasing internalized symptoms of Iranian children. J Developmental Psychology. ۲۰۱۱ ۲۸: ۳۱۳-۲۲. ۲۵- Mazaheri MA, Mehdipour S, Anari A. Family drawing test on hurt children in Bam s earthquake. J Research in Psychological Health. ۲۰۰۸ ۶: ۴۱-۵۰. ۲۶- Fry PS, Leahey M. Children perception of major positive and negative events and factors in single-parent families. J Applied Development Psychology. ۲۰۰۳ ۴: ۳۷۱-۸۸. ۲۷- De Graw DD. Using the kinetic family drawing (K-F-D) to assess Bowenian dynamics in young adult population. For degree doctor of philosophy. Seton Hall University ۲۰۰۲ ۲۸- Valdez CR, Mills CL, Barrueco S, Leis J, Riley NW. A pilot study of a family focused intervention for children and families affected by maternal depression. J Family Therapy. ۲۰۱۱ ۳۳: ۳-۱۹. ۲۹- Fazeli Mehrabadi A, Mohamadi S, Aghababaei N, Izadpanah SH, Panaghi L, Ghadiri F. Parental bonding and mental health: the role of gender. J Developmental Psychology: Iranian Psychologists. ۲۰۱۱ ۳۰:۱۹۷-۲۰۶. ۳۰- Ding Lin J, Hsieh Yu, Gong Lin Fu. Modification effect of family economic status and school factors on depression risk of single father family children in Mid-Taiwan. J Research in Developmental Disabilities. ۲۰۱۳ ۳۴. ۳۱- Prokic T, Dronker J. Parental divorce and attitudes about society of their children. Paper presented at the seventh meeting of the european network for sociological and demographic study of divorce. June ۲۷, ۲۰۰۹. ۳۲- Sakerian A. Family drawing for psychological analysis of children living in normal and single parent families. J Fundamental of Mental Health. ۲۰۰۹ ۱۱. ۳۳- Hosseini S, Moradi H. Comparative study of personality of children living in single parent and normal family. Regional confrance on child and adolescent. Kermanshah university. ۲۰۱۱. available from http://www.cilivica.com ۳۴- Chaplin TM, Cole PM, Zahn Wexler C. Parental socialization of emotion expression: gender differences and relations to child adjustment. J Emotion. ۲۰۰۵ ۵: ۸۰-۸۸. ۳۵- Fivush R, Buckner JP. Gender, sadness, and depression: The development of emotional focus through gendered discourse. In A. H. Fischer (Ed.), Gender and emotion: Social psychological perspectives. Paris: Cambridge University Press & Editions de la Maison des Sciences de l’Homme ۲۰۰۰ pp. ۲۳۲-۲۵۳. ۳۶- Kyung Kim J, Hyun Suh J. Children’s kinetic family drawings and their internalizing problem behaviors. J The Arts in Psychotherapy. ۲۰۱۳ ۴۰: Issue ۲, pp۲۰۶-۲۱۵. ۳۷- Ozabci N. Quality of life as a predictore of depression. J Procedia Social Behavioral Sci. ۲۰۱۰ ۲: ۲۴۵۸-۲۴۶۳. ۳۸- Beckhit N, Thomas GV, Jolly RP. The of drawing for psychological assessment in Britain: Survey finding. J Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory Research Practice. ۲۰۰۵ ۷۸: ۲۰۵-۲۱۷.

Keywords:

Keywords: Depression , Single parent , Two- parents , Family Drawing test , Children Depression Inventory