Diagnostic Performance of Clinical Examination Versus Ultrasonography in the Detection of Developmental Dysplasia of Hip: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background: Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is a spectrum of diseases involving the femoroacetabular joint. Due to the controversies over the value of different strategies used for DDH screening, this systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the diagnostic performance of standard physical examination maneuvers on the diagnosis of DDH, compared to the Graf ultrasonography (US) method.Methods: PubMed, Web of Science, and SCOPUS databases were searched until the end of October ۲۰۲۰. Studies that (i) used the Ortolani test, Barlow test, or limited hip abduction (LHA) test to assess the risk of DDH in physical examination, (ii)used the Graf US method to examine DDH in sonography, and (iii) provided adequate data to extract the diagnostic performance were included. Pooled sensitivity and specificity were calculated for clinical examinations. Results: A total of ۲۵ studies (۷۲,۰۷۹ patients in total) were considered eligible to enter the present study. The pooled data of the Ortolani-Barlow test demonstrated a sensitivity of ۳۶% (۹۵% CI:۰.۲۵-۰.۴۸) and specificity of ۹۸% (۹۵% CI:۰.۹۳-۰.۹۹). Calculated pooled sensitivity and specificity for the limited hip abduction exam were obtained at ۴۵% (۹۵% CI:۰.۲۴-۰.۶۹) and ۷۸% (۹۵% CI:۰.۶۲-۰.۸۸) respectively. A separate analysis of the studies using both exams revealed a sensitivity of ۵۷% (۹۵% CI:۰.۳۰-۰.۸۲) and a specificity of ۹۵% (۹۵% CI:۰.۶۸-۰.۹۹).Conclusion: Based on the results, the investigated clinical examinations have high specificity but low sensitivity to detect the DDH; therefore, they have limited application as a screening test. If obliged to rely on clinical examinations for screening, the combination of Ortolani-Barlow and LHA tests can provide more sensitivity than either of these tests performed independently. Level of evidence: III

Keywords:

Barlow , Developmental Dysplasia of Hip , Limited Hip Abduction , Ortolani , Ultrasonography