Insulin supplemented with phenolic fraction concentrates displays anxiolytic and antidepressant-like properties with reductions of oxidative brain damage in chronically stressed diabetic rats

Introduction: The current study aimed to investigate if insulin supplemented with phenolic fraction concentrates (PFC) improves chronic hyperglycemia-related behavioral changes by mitigating oxidative stress in diabetic rats exposed to chronic mild stress (CMS). Methods: Experimental type ۱ diabetes mellitus (T۱DM) was established by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ, ۶۵ mg/kg). After diabetes confirmation, rats were treated with insulin supplemented with PFC and exposed to two unpredictable mild stressors per day for ۱۲ weeks. Body weight changes, fasting blood glucose (FBG), and corticosterone levels were evaluated. The behavioral tests were performed to evaluate anhedonia, anxiety, and depressive-like behaviors. Twenty-four hours after behavioral tests, all rats were anesthetized, and the blood was collected for the analysis of lipid, hepatic, and renal parameters. Finally, the brain areas (striatum, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex), pancreas, and adrenal glands were dissected for the analysis of oxidative stress markers. Results: The results of this study revealed that treatment with insulin supplemented with PFC for ۱۲ weeks significantly enhanced antioxidant defenses (catalase [CAT] and superoxide dismutase [SOD]) and reduced oxidative stress damage (nitric oxide and malondialdehyde [MDA]), especially in brain regions (prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and striatum) in stressed diabetic rats (P < ۰.۰۰۱). This combination also ameliorated the corticosterone level (P < ۰.۰۰۱) as well as glucose homeostasis (P < ۰.۰۰۱) and lipid parameters (P < ۰.۰۰۱), which are markedly altered in T۱D associated with stress. Conclusion: The associated treatment possesses important anxiolytic and antidepressant-like effects in this rat model, which might be mainly mediated by its capacity to protect brain cells against reactive oxygen species (ROS) triggered by T۱DM and/or chronic stress.

Keywords:

Antioxidant , Type ۱ diabetes , Chronic mild stress , Phenolic compounds , Oxidative stress