The Effects of COVID-۱۹/ACE۲ on Pregnancy Events and Outcomes:  A Systematic Review

Background & Objectives: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus ۲ (SARS-CoV-۲) was confirmed as the cause of Coronavirus disease ۲۰۱۹ (COVID-۱۹). The disease presents with a wide range of clinical signs and symptoms involving vital organs such as the lungs, heart, gastrointestinal tract, liver, central nervous system, blood, and kidneys. It also potentially affects other organs, including the placenta.The present systematic review aimed to evaluate effects of SARS-CoV-۲ on pregnant women, fetuses, and infants born to infected mothers. Material & Methods: The search fields used in this study were angiotensin-converting enzyme receptor (ACE۲), fetus, pregnancy, and SARS-CoV-۲. We reviewed articles published in ۲۰۲۰ and ۲۰۲۲. The inclusion criteria were articles on receptor expression, virus entry into the host cell, studies on the characteristics and outcomes of pregnant or recently pregnant women with SARS-CoV-۲ infection who were approved and characteristics and outcomes of infants whose mothers were infected with SARS-CoV-۲. Results: The virus uses the ACE۲ to enter the cell. The coronavirus can be expected to affect any cell or organ that expresses ACE۲. Female reproductive system is one of the systems that express ACE۲. The destructive effects of COVID-۱۹ on maternal and fetal health are strongly influenced by the spatial-temporal distribution of ACE۲. Conclusion: The harmful role of COVID-۱۹ in pregnancy is highly controversial, although maternal COVID-۱۹ infection contributes to adverse consequences of pregnancy. There is a limited amount of information on the efficacy of COVID-۱۹ on pregnants and their fetuses.

Keywords:

COVID-۱۹ , Pregnant women , Fetus , ACE-۲ , SARS-CoV-۲ , Neonate