Epigenetics of Early Inflammatory Bowel Disease among Children: A Systematic Review

Background: Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are complex and multifaceted disorders characterized by recurrent and persistent intestinal inflammation. The incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is on the rise among both children and adults worldwide. In this review, we provide an update on genomic studies of IBD, with a particular focus on Very Early-Onset IBD (VEO-IBD), which often presents with a more severe phenotype than IBD at an older age.Methods: The methods used in this systematic review were performed according to the guidelines of the PRISMA checklist. A search was conducted by two independent researchers in international databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar) to find relevant studies published in English.Results: Patients with VEO-IBD have rare or novel genes associated with immunodeficiency that may play a role in the pathogenesis of the disease. To date, ten regions for ۲۴۰ genes, which are usually monogenic, have been identified for this disease, mostly due to mutations. But the most important cause of VEO-IBD is mutation in interleukin ۱۰. It has also been reported that VEO-IBD is associated with increased expression of S۱۰۰A۸ and S۱۰۰A۹ genes in rectal mucosa and serum.Conclusion: Considering the multifactorial nature of IBD, all the changes that cause protein expression and function should be taken into account; so for early diagnosis and timely treatment of this disease, more extensive phenotypic sequencing is needed to discover new gene loci. And these children can be treated with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, as the most efficient method.

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Keywords: genetics , Crohn' s disease , Ulcerative colitis , early inflammatory disease