Assessment of Factors Associated with Life Expectancy Gap Based on the Preston Curve: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: Some countries experience lower or higher life expectancy than what is predicted based on their income. This study examines why life expectancy deviation is experienced with the aim of exploring which factors and conditions contribute to better health outcome (life expectancy) at low cost. Methods: In this study at the first stage, the well-known Preston curve is reproduced and updated using the cross-sectional data of variables of life expectancy at birth (years) and per capita gross domestic product (GDP) by purchasing power parity (PPP) of ۱۸۲ countries around the World in ۲۰۱۸ based on the latest available data. After estimating the deviation of each countries life expectancy from the curve, the characteristics of countries with more than four years of positive (group ۱) and negative (group ۲) gaps from the curve were compared by applying the mean comparison test of two independent groups (t-test). Results: The identified drivers of gains or losses in longevity relative to income included using at least basic sanitation (P = ۰.۰۱۲) and drinking water services (P = ۰.۰۴۵), Universal Health Coverage (UHC) (P = ۰.۰۱۲), access to electricity (P = ۰.۰۰۴), CO۲ emissions (P = ۰.۰۳۷), inequality in income (P = ۰.۰۰۳), health expenditure per capita (P = ۰.۰۰۰), non-communicable (P = ۰.۰۰۰) and communicable diseases and maternal, prenatal, and nutrition conditions (P = ۰.۰۰۰), literacy rate (P = ۰.۰۵۷), and road injuries (P = ۰.۰۰۱). Conclusion: Better health outcome in countries and regions with relatively low income or few resources can be achieved that would be critical for global improvement in population health. However, it needs to take effective measures and is of great importance for policy-making.

Keywords:

Life Expectancy , Income , Population Health