Land use effects on heavy metal pollution of river sediments in Guilan, southwest of the Caspian Sea

Studies have showed the River Siahroud is the main contributor to the present pollution of Anzali Wetland in Guilan. Therefore, this study was initiated to evaluate the spatial distribution of metals pollution on the River Siahroud sediments in Guilan.Surfacial river sediment samples along this river were taken during five consecutive seasons at eight sampling stations and analyzed for availability of Fe, Mn, Pb, Zn, Cu, Cr, Cd metals. Canonical correlation demonstrated that the total organic carbon (TOC) was of great importance in co-precipitation of Zn while Cu and Pb were mainly related to hydrous iron oxides. Also, in the interest of pollutant finger printing, factor analysis showed that extractable Zn, Cu, Fe, Cd and Mn were attributed to the present agricultural fields while industrial site of Rasht City was the major contributing factor for the extended levels of Cr in the study area. Moreover, Pb level was mainly relevant to urban landuse in Rasht. Cluster analysis demonstrated that there was a rising metal pollution level in the River Siahroud from upstream to downstream suggesting that Anzali Wetland pollution could be highly related to loading of heavy metals by the River Siahroud sediment.   REFERENCES Bai, R. and Kumar, P. S. (۱۹۹۷) Lead in the coastal environment of Madras, Ind. J. Environ. Protect. ۳, ۱۷۷-۱۸۰. Basilevsky, A. (۱۹۹۴) Statistical Factor Analysis and Related Methods: Theory and Applications. New York: Wiley-Interscience. Bormann, F.H. and Likens, G.E. (۱۹۷۹). Pattern and Proccesses in a Forested Ecosystem. Springer-Verlag, New York, pp. ۲۵۳. Das, J. (۲۰۰۳) Geochemistry of trace elements in the ground water of Cuttack city in India. Water, Air, and Soil Pollut. ۱۴۷, ۱۲۹- ۱۴۰. Das, J. and Acharya, B.C. (۲۰۰۳) Hydrology and asssessment of lotic water quality in Cuttack city. Water, Air and Soil Pollut. ۱۵۰, ۱۶۳-۱۷۵. Forstner, U. (۲۰۰۲) Environmental monitorring handbook, McGraw-Hill Companies, pp. ۱۱۶-۱۱۸. Forstner, U., and Patchineelam, S.R. (۱۹۸۰) Chemical associations of heavy metals in polluted sediments from the Lower Rhine river in Kavanaugh, M. C., and Leckie, J. O. (Eds), Particulates in Water; Characterisation, fate, effects and Removal. Adv. Chem. Ser., ۱۸۹, American Chemical Society, Washington. pp. ۱۷۷-۱۹۳. Foster. I.D.L., Charlesworth, S.M. and Proffitt, S.B. (۱۹۹۴) Sediment associated heavy metal distribution in urban fluvial and limnic systems; a case study of the River Sowe, UK, in Int. symp. Particulate matter in Rivers and Estuaries (preprints) (Reinbek near Hamburg, ۲۱-۲۵ March, ۱۹۹۴). University of Hamburg. pp. ۹۱-۱۰۰.  Kerner, M. and Wallmann, K. (۱۹۹۲) Remobilization events involving Cd and Zn from intertidal flat sediments in the Elbe estuary during the tidal cycle. Estuarine Coastal Shelf Sci. ۳۵, ۳۷۱-۳۹۳. Kinniburgh, D.G., and Jackson, M.L. (۱۹۸۲) Concentration and pH dependence of Calcium and Zinc absorption by iron hydrous oxide gel, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. ۴۶, ۵۶-۶۱. Loux, N.T., Brown, D.S., Chafin, C.R., Allison, J.D., and Hassan, S.M. (۱۹۸۹) Chemical speciation and competitive cationic partitioning on a sandy aquifer material. J. Chem. Speciation and Bioavailability. ۱, ۱۱-۲۵. Mansouri, J. (۲۰۰۰) An extensive plan for conservation and management of wetlandds in Iran. University of Tehran. Meiggs, T.O. (۱۹۸۰) The use of sediment analysis in forensic investigations and procedural requirements for such studies. In R. A. Baker (ed.), Contaminations and sediments, pp. ۲۹۷-۳۰۸. Ann Arbor Science, Ann Arbor, MI. Page, A.L., Miller, R.H., Keeney, D.R. (۱۹۸۲) Methods of soils analysis. Part ۲. Chemical and Microbiological Properties. Madison, Wisconsin. USA. Keeney and Nelson. pp. ۶۴۳-۶۹۳. Peters, N., Bricker, O., Kennedy M. (۱۹۹۷) Water quality trends and geochemical mass balance, John Willy & Sons, New york. pp. ۱۰۳-۱۷۰. Rahnamai, M.T. (۱۹۹۵) Examination of pollution and pollution sourcing in Guilan province water resources, Environmental organization of Guilan province. Sharma, S. (۱۹۹۶) Applied multivariate techniques. John Wiley & Sons, New York. pp. ۱۴۴-۱۸۱.

Keywords:

Canonical correlation , Cluster analysis , heavy metal pollution , Siahroud River , River pollution