Caprock integrity studies of carbon storage in depleted hydrocarbon reservoirs

Caprock integrity is critical for the safe and sustainable storage of carbon dioxide (CO₂) in depleted hydrocarbonreservoirs, a key strategy in mitigating climate change. Caprock, typically composed of impermeable materialssuch as shale or caliche, prevents the upward migration of CO₂, ensuring its containment over extended periods.This study reviews the geological, geomechanical, and geochemical characteristics that influence caprockintegrity, focusing on the role of mineral composition, structural stability, and historical tectonic activity indetermining sealing efficiency. Advanced assessment techniques, including 1D and 3D geomechanical models,are employed to predict stress distributions and identify potential risks during CO₂ injection. While 1D modelsoffer initial insights, 3D models provide comprehensive analyses critical for large-scale carbon capture andstorage (CCS) projects.Continuous monitoring and experimental studies further enhance caprock reliability, with recent researchaddressing challenges such as fault reactivation and induced seismicity. Case studies, including the Cantarellfield in Mexico and Northern Europe evaluations, demonstrate the importance of optimizing injection pressuresand understanding site-specific geological conditions. Additionally, the regulatory and public perception aspectsof CCS projects are highlighted, emphasizing the need for stakeholder engagement and transparentcommunication to overcome societal resistance.The integration of technological advancements, such as machine learning and enhanced modeling techniques,alongside robust regulatory frameworks, is identified as pivotal for advancing CCS initiatives. By addressingtechnical, economic, and social challenges, these studies contribute to the broader goal of ensuringenvironmental sustainability and achieving long-term climate targets through secure carbon storage.

Caprock integrity studies of carbon storage in depleted hydrocarbon reservoirs Keywords:

Caprock Integrity , Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) , Geomechanical Models , DepletedHydrocarbon Reservoirs , Sealing Capacity