Study of new generation batteries

The relentless increase in energy consumption, mainly based on fossil fuels, is causing serious environmentalproblems. The alternative could be to use renewable energy sources, but their intermittency hampers their use; sowhat is becoming increasingly necessary are electricity storage devices. Electrochemical storage systems in generaland batteries in particular are emerging as the best solution for this problem. Since lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteriesbegan to be marketed, they have been the predominant technology on the market. Yet sodium-ion (Na-ion) batterieshave become an alternative to Li-ion technology for stationary applications in which the weight of the device is not amajor consideration because of the low cost of sodium compared with lithium, and the fact that it is more plentifuland its distribution more homogeneous[1].Research on electrochemical Na intercalation in battery system has been reported since the early 1980s butNa-ion batteries are not commercialized so far though studies on Li-ion batteries have been reported since the late1970s and the practical batteries have been extensively utilized for portable device applications in the world since1991. Now, targeted application of research and development for rechargeable batteries has changed towardrealization of the sustainable energy society. With the change in social situation and development of the batterytechnology, studies on Na-ion batteries have been attracted significant interests since 2010. Although researchinterests of the electrode materials for Na-ion batteries are evoked in many researchers, advantages, disadvantages,and issues are not fully discussed for realizing the commercialization of Na-ion batteries[2].High current density and high output voltage are the main necessities for a practical battery. In additioncyclability of rechargeable battery and its capacity maintenance during different charge/discharge cycles are veryimportant.The output voltage of a battery depends on the change in the thermodynamic free energy of the reactionsoccurring in the anode and the cathode, (in accordance with equation (1-1)), different kinetics, concentration, andthe addition of resistive potentials that reduce the total voltage of the battery (...) The electrochemical technics used in this Study were Cyclic Voltametery, Chronopotentiometery, Chronoamperometery and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy.