Clean Energy for Tomorrow: Towards Zero Emission and Carbon Free Future: A Review
Publish place: Iranica Journal of Energy and Environment، Vol: 2، Issue: 3
Publish Year: 1390
Type: Journal paper
Language: English
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Document National Code:
JR_IJEE-2-3_011
Index date: 21 April 2014
Clean Energy for Tomorrow: Towards Zero Emission and Carbon Free Future: A Review abstract
Fuel cell technology using hydrogen energy is an advanced green energy technology for the future use. This is green, sustainable, clean and very environmental friendly. Green house gases emission fromindustrial activities has been proven beyond doubt as the main cause of global warming and climate changes.The finite world energy supply that consists nearly 90% of fossil fuel which is depleted; an energy crisis because of widening fossil fuel production and demand gaps. Many nations responded to anticipate energy crisis by diversifying their fuel resources to include renewable and alternative energy and developing greenenergy technology for the future. Despite political announcements on renewable energy, fossil fuels willcontinue to dominate energy resources for some time to come and carbon emission will increase but global nuclear energy expansion is uncertain because of international tensions and general public fears of another Chemobyl or Fogoshima disasters or a nuclear te1rorist attack. Biofuels are plagued by the conflict betweencrops for fuel and crops for food and there is a shift of interest towards crop biomass wastes. The furtherexpansion of hydrogen energy is constrained by costs and safety in hydrogen transport and storage. Fuel cell research and development has shifted from older AFC, P AFC and MCFC whose entry into the market were stalled by intractable operational and durability problems, to more promising PEMFC, DMFC and SOFC. A newtype of fuel cell, the microbial fuel cell (MFC) is also gaining some attention because of sustainable way ofsimultaneously reducing BOD and COD of wastewater and provide power; combined wastewater treatment andpower (CWTP). The main thrust in PEMFC research and development is cost reduction of membrane and electrocatalyst by substitution of cheap and more efficient organic-inorganic nanocomposite membranes andnanoinorganic electrocatalyst as well as lower electrocatalyst loading and cost reduction of bipolar plate bymaterial reformulation with nanomaterials for injection or compression molding. In addition, cost reduction canalso be achieved by reduction of system complexity using non-hydrated or self-hydrated membranes thateliminate water management sub-system and CO tolerant anodes that eliminate CO removal of reformatehydrogen feed. PEMFC system efficiency can be further enhanced by better design of flow field in bipolarplates and fuel and air manifold in the stack as well as through process optimization using process system engineering tools. The main thrust of SOFC research and development is reduction of its operational temperature by replacement with low temperature electrolytes, anodes and cathodes. Future DMFCdevelopment focuses on methanol crossover reduction, desired water management and low manufacturing costs. Also for future development on MBC focuses on understanding the electron transfer mechanism and redox reactions in cells and developing more efficient nanostructured electrodes and cell immobilization. The main objective in hydrogen production from liquid fuels are in the development of low temperature auto-thermalsteam reforming catalysts, purification of reformate hydrogen through pressure swing adsorption and membraneprocesses as well as membrane reactors and higher hydrogen storage capacity in carbon nano-tubes and other nanostructures. The main focus on sustainable hydrogen production is photolysis of water into hydrogen and oxygen in solar photovoltaic-electrolyzer system, direct solar photoelectrochemical reactors and solar photobiological fermentors.
Clean Energy for Tomorrow: Towards Zero Emission and Carbon Free Future: A Review Keywords:
Hydrogen economy · Green energy · Fuel cell · Nanomaterials · Nanostructures · Solar hydrogen
Clean Energy for Tomorrow: Towards Zero Emission and Carbon Free Future: A Review authors
Wan Ramli Wan Daud
Chemical Engineering, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, ۴۳۶۰۰ UKM Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
Ghasem Najafpour
Biotechnology Research Lab., Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Noshirvani University, Babol, Iran
Mostafa Rahimnejad
Biotechnology Research Lab., Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Noshirvani University, Babol, Iran