Enduromics and Resistomics: From Multi-Omics to Personalized Training Prescription

Background: Traditional exercise physiology techniques relying on invasive procedures have limited understanding of the molecular changes induced by exercise. The emerging fields of "enduromics" and "resistomics" integrate omics technologies to provide precise insights into the physiological responses occurring during aerobic and anaerobic exercise. These approaches enable personalized training plans that maximize health benefits, reduce injury risk, and improve adherence. Methods: This review distinguishes enduromics and resistomics from sportomics, examining their theoretical foundations and practical applications. The integration of genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics/lipidomics is systematically analyzed for studying molecular adaptations to endurance and resistance training. Evidence from longitudinal multi-omics analyses of blood components is synthesized to identify biomarkers and metabolic fingerprints. Results: Endurance exercise leads to coordinated molecular changes in inflammation, oxidative stress, energy metabolism, and tissue healing, with lipid oxidation and prolonged upregulation of metabolites. Resistance training primarily alters nucleotide turnover and amino acid metabolism. Plasma proteome adaptations to endurance training reveal hundreds of altered proteins associated with angiogenesis, extracellular matrix remodeling, and oxygen uptake efficiency. Single-cell multi-omics advances enable profiling of individual cell-type heterogeneity and regulatory mechanisms at unprecedented resolution. Conclusion: Enduromics and resistomics provide a transformative approach to personalized exercise prescriptions using molecular insights to tailor training to individual profiles. Combining multi-omics data with initial participant profiles enables more effective training programs for both clinical and non-clinical populations.

Keywords:

Enduromics , Resistomics , Multi-omics , Personalized training , Exercise prescription , Biomarkers